

None of us can escape Father Time, and this includes our beloved feline companions. With time comes change, and cats who are fortunate to live well into their golden years may experience a range of physical and cognitive changes. In some cases, this can include varying levels of cat dementia, known as feline cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS). Learn what causes these age-related brain changes, how to distinguish this condition from the natural course of aging and how to support your cat's well-being in the face of cognitive decline.
What Is Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Cats?
CDS is a condition that affects cats' cognitive functioning as they get older. Cat parents may use a range of other terms to describe CDS, such as feline senility, cat dementia or even cat Alzheimer's. While these terms do a fairly adequate job of conveying the changes that can occur with cognitive decline in cats, they aren't considered accurate labels in the veterinary community.
Causes of Feline Cognitive Dysfunction
Thanks to advances in veterinary medicine and nutrition, as well as closer pet-pet parent bonds that support better access to care, cats are living longer than ever. And while it's possible for younger cats to have CDS, advanced age appears to be the greatest risk factor for cognitive decline. According to veterinary research, roughly 28% of cats between 11 and 14 years old develop at least one CDS-related behavioral concern, rising to 50% of cats over 15 years old.
Cats' brains may start to show signs of wear in mature adulthood, and these changes may accelerate rapidly (or not) from this point. While scientists are still learning about what makes some cats more prone to cognitive decline than others, high levels of free radicals in the body and brain, poor circulation and obesity in cats appear to be contributing factors.
Is Your Cat Confused? Signs of Feline Dementia
It isn't always easy to distinguish dementia in cats from regular changes associated with aging. While it's natural for older cats to slow down, become less active and spend more hours of the day sleeping, talk to your veterinarian about changes to your cat's habits or behaviors rather than simply accepting them as normal. (For example, if your cat is unable to jump to their favorite lounging spot, this can indicate degenerative joint disease, or feline arthritis.)
Consult your vet if your cat shows any of the following signs of senility in cats:
Elimination outside the litter box
Decreased interactions with people or other pets
Disorientation, confusion or forgetfulness
Increased vocalization, sometimes sounding distressed
Altered sleeping patterns (e.g., no longer sleeping through the night)
Decreased appetite
Lack of interest in favorite toys, puzzles or treats
The Importance of Diagnosis
While any of the previously mentioned signs can indicate CDS, several other conditions can prompt similar signs, including:
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Osteoarthritis and other degenerative joint diseases
Sensory decline
High blood pressure
Chronic kidney disease
Other neurological disorders
Fortunately, you just need to flag the concern — your vet will perform a medical workup to establish the underlying cause. Along with a detailed history and physical exam, your vet may perform diagnostic tests, such as basic bloodwork, urine tests, radiographs (X-rays) and specific tests to evaluate endocrine system function. Your cat's diagnostic plan will be highly individualized according to their behavioral changes and other signs.
Supporting Cat Brain Function: Feline Dementia Treatment Options
While there's currently no cure for CDS, a number of feline dementia treatments can help your cat feel more comfortable. Potential interventions largely focus on environmental enrichment and modification, therapeutic nutrition, supplementation and medication. Here are some specific tips for alleviating signs of cat dementia and supporting your cat's brain health.
Nutrition and Supplementation
Cat food rich in antioxidants, such as vitamin E, may help slow the age-related changes that occur in the brain by fighting free radical damage. Fish oils, a source of anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA, are also believed to have a positive impact on brain health in cats. Your vet can help you find a complete and balanced food suitable for your cat's needs that meets these requirements. In some cases, they may also recommend supplementation.
Environmental Enrichment and Modification
To support cat brain function in cats of all ages, encourage mental and physical engagement with a variety of interactive cat toys and puzzles. Ensure your cat has easy access to litter boxes by providing options with low sides and placing them in multiple locations, such as one upstairs and one downstairs. Consider adding nightlights throughout your home to help your cat navigate their environment.
Avoid unnecessary stress. For example, coordinate a house sitter rather than boarding your cat while you're away, and avoid adopting new pets. Plug-in pheromone diffusers and sprays may help reduce stress in cats and help some kitties feel calmer. Maintain a consistent schedule and routine as much as possible.
Continued Veterinary Care
Be vigilant about routine veterinary visits during your cat's senior years so your vet can detect any health problems early when interventions are easiest and most successful. Work with your vet to treat and manage any concurrent conditions, such as joint disease or hypertension.
Lead With Patience
Remember, punishment is never appropriate or helpful for cats. Practice patience with your senior cat during this life stage to avoid additional stress, and remember that any new sign warrants veterinary attention. At home, your job is to provide complete and balanced nutrition, a calm, enriching environment and plenty of love.